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Underground culture, or simply underground, is a term to describe various alternative cultures which either consider themselves different from the mainstream of society and culture, or are considered so by others. The word "underground" is used because there is a history of resistance movements under harsh regimes where the term ''underground'' was employed to refer to the necessary secrecy of the resisters. For example, the Underground Railroad was a network of clandestine routes by which African slaves in the 19th century United States attempted to escape to freedom. The phrase "underground railroad" was resurrected and applied in the 1960s to the extensive network of draft counseling groups and houses used to help Vietnam-era draft dodgers escape to Canada (References: ()), and was also applied in the 1970s to the clandestine movement of people and goods by the American Indian Movement in and out of occupied Native American reservation lands. (See Wounded Knee).〔(AIM - American Indian Movement Store )〕 Since then, the term has come to designate various subcultures such as mod culture, hippie culture, punk rock culture, techno music/rave culture and underground hip hop. ==Terminology== The unmodified term "The underground" was a common name for World War II resistance movements. It was later applied to counter-cultural movement(s) many of which sprang up during the 1960s. A way to define it is a quote by Frank Zappa: :"The mainstream comes to you, but you have to go to the underground." Applied to the arts, the term ''underground'' typically means artists who are not corporately sponsored and generally do not want to be. With the advent of the world wide web (or internet), many experts argue that there is ''no'' underground since so much art and so many political ideas, especially music, are far easier to locate. It provides artists and activists a means to promote their work and ideas without large, established corporate interests. Even the concept of obscurity is questionable, given 21st-Century access to information about past or current artistic trends. Nonetheless, some artists have found in the vast expanses of the net a new place for escape and dreams, sites such as hell.com are a good example of cutting edge artists who thrive in the anonymity of the net. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Underground culture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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